Ana danganta kayan tanki sau da yawa tare da halayyar "ƙamshi na sulfide", wanda a zahiri ya haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar sulfhydric, wanda kuma aka sani da hydrogen sulfide. Matakan da ke ƙasa da 0.2 ppm na H2S sun riga sun zama marasa daɗi ga ɗan adam kuma yawan 20 ppm ba zai iya jurewa ba. Sakamakon haka, ana iya tilasta matatun fatun rufe ayyukan katako ko kuma a tilasta musu su sake zama daga wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa.
Kamar yadda ake yin katako da tanning sau da yawa a wuri ɗaya, ƙamshi a zahiri shine ƙaramin matsala. Ta hanyar kurakuran ɗan adam, wannan koyaushe yana riƙe da haɗarin haxa ruwan ruwa na acidic tare da sulfide mai ɗauke da tudun katako da kuma sakin mafi girma na H2S. A matakin 500 ppm duk masu karɓa na olfactory an toshe su kuma iskar gas, sabili da haka, ya zama wanda ba a sani ba kuma bayyanar 30 min yana haifar da barazanar rayuwa. A wani taro na 5,000 ppm (0.5%), yawan guba yana bayyana cewa numfashi ɗaya ya isa ya haifar da mutuwa nan da nan cikin daƙiƙa.
Duk da waɗannan matsalolin da haɗari, sulphide ya kasance mafi kyawun sinadari don rashin gashi fiye da ƙarni. Ana iya danganta wannan ga hanyoyin da ba za a iya aiki ba: amfani da sulphides na halitta ya nuna yana iya aiki amma ba a yarda da gaske ba saboda ƙarin farashin da ke ciki. An gwada rashin gashi kawai ta hanyar proteolytic da keratolytic enzymes an gwada akai-akai amma saboda rashin zaɓi yana da wahala a aikace don sarrafawa. Har ila yau, an zuba jari mai yawa a cikin rashin gashi na oxidative, amma har yau yana da iyaka a cikin amfani da shi saboda yana da wuyar samun sakamako mai dacewa.
Tsarin rashin gashi
Covington ya ƙididdige adadin ƙimar da ake buƙata na sodium sulphide na darajar masana'antu (60-70%) don tsarin ƙonewar gashi ya zama kawai 0.6%, dangane da ɓoye nauyi. A aikace, adadin da aka yi amfani da shi don ingantaccen tsari ya fi girma, wato 2-3%. Babban dalilin wannan shine gaskiyar cewa yawan rashin gashi ya dogara ne akan adadin ions sulphide (S2-) a cikin iyo. Ana yawan amfani da gajerun yawo don samun babban taro na sulphide. Duk da haka rage matakan sulphide yana haifar da mummunan cire gashi a cikin lokaci mai karɓuwa.
Idan aka yi la'akari da yadda yawan rashin gashi ya dogara da yawan adadin sinadarai da ake aiki da su, a bayyane yake cewa ana buƙatar babban taro musamman kai tsaye a wurin kai hari don wani tsari. A cikin tsarin konewar gashi, wannan batu na harin shine keratin na cortex gashi, wanda sulphide ya rushe saboda rushewar gadoji na cystine.
A cikin tsari mai aminci na gashi, inda keratin ke da kariya ta matakin rigakafi, abin da ake kaiwa hari shine yawancin furotin na kwan fitila wanda aka sanya shi ta hanyar hydrolysed ko dai kawai saboda yanayin alkaline ko kuma ta hanyar enzymes proteolytic, idan akwai. Abu na biyu kuma daidai da mahimmancin harin shine pre-keratin wanda ke sama da kwandon gashi; ana iya lalata shi ta hanyar proteolytic hydrolysis hade tare da tasirin keratolytic na sulfide.
Duk wani tsari da aka yi amfani da shi don rashin gashi, yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa waɗannan wuraren harin suna da sauƙin isa ga sinadarai masu sarrafawa, suna ba da damar yawan ƙwayar sulphide a cikin gida wanda zai haifar da yawan rashin gashi. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa idan sauƙin samun damar sarrafa sinadarai masu aiki (misali lemun tsami, sulphide, enzyme da sauransu) zuwa mahimman wurare ana iya samar da su, zai yiwu a yi amfani da ƙananan adadin waɗannan sinadarai.
Jiƙa shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don ingantaccen rashin gashi
Duk sinadarai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin rashin gashi suna narkewa da ruwa kuma ruwa shine matsakaicin tsari. Don haka man shafawa wani shinge ne na halitta yana rage tasirin duk wani sinadari mara gashi. Cire man mai zai iya inganta aikin aikin rashin gashi na gaba. Saboda haka, tushen ingantaccen rashin gashi tare da raguwar tayin sinadarai yana buƙatar aza a cikin matakin jiƙa.
Makasudin shine ingantaccen rage gashin gashi da saman ɓoye da kuma kawar da mai mai mai. A daya bangaren kuma ana bukatar a guji cire mai sosai gaba daya, musamman daga naman jiki, domin sau da yawa ba zai yiwu a ajiye shi a cikin emulsion ba kuma shafa mai zai zama sakamakon. Wannan yana haifar da wani wuri mai laushi maimakon "bushe" wanda ake so, wanda ke lalata tasirin rashin gashi.
Yayin da zaɓen cire mai daga wasu sinadarai na ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyun abubuwa a cikin tsarin ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun abubuwan da aka zaɓa na zaɓen da ake zaɓen da za a cire mai daga jikin ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun abubuwa na ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ƙwayar cuta ta ke nuna su ga hare-haren da wasu sinadarai da ba sa gashi suke yi a baya. Kwarewa ta nuna cewa jiƙa a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline da mahaɗan alkali na ƙasa ke bayarwa a ƙarshe yana haifar da fata tare da ingantaccen ciko na gefe da ciki da kuma wurin da za a iya amfani da su. Ya zuwa yanzu babu wani cikakken bayani kan wannan tabbataccen gaskiyar, amma alkaluma na nazari sun nuna cewa lallai jiƙa da alkaline na ƙasa yana haifar da rarraba abubuwa masu kitse a cikin ɓoyayyiyar mabanbanta idan aka kwatanta da jiƙa da ash soda.
Duk da yake degreasing sakamako tare da soda ash ne quite uniform, ta yin amfani da ƙasa alkalines results a cikin mafi girma abun ciki na m abubuwa a sako-sako da tsara yankunan pelt, watau a cikin flanks. Ko wannan ya samo asali ne saboda zaɓin cire kitse daga wasu sassa ko don sake shigar da abubuwa masu kitse ba za a iya faɗi ba a yanzu. Ko da menene ainihin dalilin, tasiri mai fa'ida akan yanke yawan amfanin ƙasa ba shi da tabbas.
Wani sabon zaɓi mai soaking yana yin amfani da tasirin da aka kwatanta; yana ba da mafi kyawun yanayin da ya dace don tushen gashi mai kyau da gashin gashi mai kyau tare da rage tayin sulphide, kuma a lokaci guda yana kiyaye amincin ciki da flanks.
Low sulphide enzymatic taimaka rashin gashi
Bayan an shirya buyayyar yadda ya kamata a cikin jiƙa, rashin gashi yana samun mafi inganci tare da tsarin yin amfani da haɗin haɗin tsarin proteolytic enzymatic da tasirin keratolytic na sulphide. Koyaya, a cikin tsari mai aminci na gashi, yanzu ana iya rage tayin sulfide zuwa matakan 1% kawai dangi don ɓoye nauyi akan manyan ɓoye na bovine. Ana iya yin hakan ba tare da wata matsala ba game da ƙimar da ingancin rashin gashi ko kuma tsaftar pet. Ƙananan tayin kuma yana haifar da raguwar matakan sulphide a cikin tudun ruwa da kuma a cikin ɓoye (zai saki ƙasa da H2S a cikin yankewa da pickling!). Ko da tsarin ƙona gashi na gargajiya ana iya yin shi a tayin ƙarancin sulfide iri ɗaya.
Baya ga keratolytic sakamako na sulphide, proteolytic hydrolysis kullum ake bukata don unhairing. Kwan fitilar gashi, wanda ya ƙunshi furotin, da pre-keratin da ke sama yana buƙatar kai hari. Ana yin wannan ta hanyar alkalinity kuma ba tare da zaɓi ba kuma ta hanyar enzymes proteolytic.
Collagen ya fi dacewa da hydrolysis fiye da keratin, kuma bayan daɗaɗɗen lemun tsami na gida yana canzawa ta hanyar sinadarai kuma don haka ya zama mai hankali. Bugu da ƙari, kumburin alkaline kuma yana sa ƙurar ta zama mai saurin lalacewa ta jiki. Saboda haka, ya fi aminci don cimma harin proteolytic akan kwan fitila da pre-keratin a ƙaramin pH kafin ƙari na lemun tsami.
Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar sabon tsari na proteolytic enzymatic unhairing wanda ke da mafi girman aikinsa a kusa da pH 10.5. A al'ada pH na tsarin liming na kusan 13, aikin yana da ƙasa sosai. Wannan yana nufin cewa pelt ɗin ba shi da ƙasa da fallasa ga lalacewar hydrolytic lokacin da yake cikin yanayin da ya fi dacewa.
A low sulphide, low lemun tsami gashi lafiya tsari
Wakilin jiƙa da ke kare sassan ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ɓoyayyiyar ƙwayar cuta ta enzymatic wacce aka kashe ta a babban pH tana ba da garantin mafi kyawun yanayi don samun mafi kyawun inganci da matsakaicin yuwuwar wurin amfani da fata. A lokaci guda kuma, sabon tsarin rashin gashi yana ba da damar rage yawan tayin sulfide, har ma a cikin tsarin ƙona gashi. Amma ana samun amfani mafi girma idan an yi amfani da shi a cikin tsari mai aminci na gashi. Haɗuwa da tasirin jiƙa mai inganci sosai da zaɓin proteolytic sakamako na ƙirar enzyme na musamman yana haifar da ingantaccen abin dogaro mara gashi ba tare da matsalolin gashi mai kyau da tushen gashi ba kuma tare da ingantaccen tsabta na pelt.
Tsarin yana inganta buɗewa na ɓoye wanda ke haifar da fata mai laushi idan ba a biya shi ta hanyar rage tayin lemun tsami ba. Wannan, a hade tare da nuna gashin gashi ta hanyar tacewa, yana haifar da raguwar sludge mai yawa.
Kammalawa
Ƙananan sulfide, ƙananan tsari na lemun tsami tare da epidermis mai kyau, tushen gashi da gashin gashi mai kyau yana yiwuwa tare da shirye-shiryen da ya dace na ɓoye a cikin jiƙa. Za a iya amfani da wani zaɓi na enzymatic taimako a cikin unhairing ba tare da rinjayar da mutuncin hatsi, ciki da kuma flanks.
Haɗa samfuran biyu, fasahar tana ba da fa'idodi masu zuwa akan hanyar aiki na gargajiya:
- ingantaccen aminci
- ƙamshin ƙamshi kaɗan
- rage nauyi sosai akan muhalli - sulfide, nitrogen, COD, sludge
- ingantacce kuma mafi daidaiton yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin shimfidawa, yankan da ingancin fata
- ƙananan sinadarai, tsari da farashin sharar gida
Lokacin aikawa: Agusta-25-2022
